2024 Far field vs near field

$The amplitudes of the far-field components fall off as $1/r$, the radiative near-field amplitudes fall off as $1/r^{2}$, and the reactive near-field amplitudes fall off as $1/r^{3}$. Definitions of the regions attempt to characterize locations where the activity of the associated field components are the strongest.. 1l resume$

The paper establishes boundaries for near-field, Fresnel and Fraunhofer field regions of an antenna using Wave Impedance and Phase difference theory. Spatial phase difference between electric and magnetic fields remain same i.e. E and H fields remain perpendicular to each other in space, however, the temporal phase difference …Far- and near-field optical response of metallic nanodisks as a function of their thickness. a) Extinction cross-section σ ext (ω), normalized to the cross-sectional area A = πD 2 /4, for nanodisks of diameter D and thickness t, under illumination by a plane wave, as depicted in the inset schematics.Transducers. Fundamentals of Acoustics: Sound Fields. By Marshall Williams 28 January 2021. There are a range of terms describing acoustic fields to be familiar with …Aug 10, 2018 · In many practical applications it is often useful to focus on the near field- and far field radiated fields (instead of the total radiated fields). In the near field, we have (3.3a) while in the far field, the opposite inequality holds (3.3b) The boundary between the near and far fields is when (3.4) or (3.5) A. Far-Field Communications vs. Near-Field Communications The key features of far-ﬁeld and near-ﬁeld communications are shown in Fig. 1. We consider an uplink communication scenario, while the discussions in this article are also valid for downlink scenarios. The BS is equipped with an ELAA.AAn overview of the near-field-far-field (NF-FF) transformation techniques with innovative spiral scannings, useful to derive the radiation patterns of the antennas commonly employed in the modern wireless communication systems, is provided in this paper. The theoretical background and the development of a unified theory of the spiral scannings for quasi-spherical and nonspherical antennas are ...The statement "the beam expands linearly in the far field" is a statement that, when z ≫ xzR z ≫ x z R, the deviation from linear expansion is small enough that it is generally safe to ignore. If you had a more precise application you wouldn't ignore those corrections. where w0 w 0 is the radium of the beam at its waist and λ λ is the ...The use of a thin polymeric dichroic film allowed us to clearly distinguish between the behavior in the near-field and in the far-field regime and to emphasize strong differences between them: while in the far-field region a pinning of the polarization can take place, in the near-field region the in-plane polarization always fol- lows linearly ...Within 4.1 ft, near filed will be there and beyond 4.1 feet, near field dominates. Note that field strength diminishes with distance but only the square of the distance. Most wireless applications use far field wave. Any antenna radiation patterns are valid only if measurements are taken on the far field. Mainly interested in the field far …The exact definition of far-field vs. near field has been extensively discussed in 17. For most uses cases, where the receiver is near the ground, the breakpoint is a few hundred meters, meaning ...Far Field (Greater than this distance) m Formula for Antenna Near Field & Far Field Distance Calculator Where, D = Antenna dimensions (Can be the length or diameter of the antenna) f = Signal Frequency λ = Wavelength Understanding the Antenna Near Field & Far Field Distances The fields surrounding an antenna are divided into 3 main regions:What is the difference between the near field and the far field effects in optics? A simple definition might help to understand the diffraction pattern in an aperiodic nano-micro structured...Unlike most flat optics that relies on far-field effect, we explore the near-field effect of flat optics. We use the energy distribution of optical field right after a flat optics component to ...Far Field Formula. Following are the antenna range types: • reactive near field ( up to λ) • reactive radiating near field ( up to 3*λ) • radiating (fresnel) near field (up to 2*D 2 /λ) • radiating far field ( >=2*D 2 /λ) The far field distance can be calculated based on antenna diameter ('D') and operating frequency ('f').The far-field beam was converted to near-field components which facilitates dynamical high-resolution direct laser writing. Reproduced from [166] . CC BY 4.0. ...similarity in the modulation of the electromagnetic field. Figure 2. The simulation results of the square-lattice PCSEL with circular air holes. (a) Magnetic field distribution inside the PhC layer. ( b) Near-field pattern (NFP) and ( c) far-field pattern (FFP) of the PCSEL. (d) The intensity profile at the center of (c) along x-direction ...A relationship between the far-field pattern and the plane wave spectrum of the antenna is deduced for computation of the radiation pattern of the antenna under test at any point. Near-field to far-field transformation is the most viable indirect method of far-field antenna measurement. Cadence software offers tools to simulate the near-field ...As it turns out, an electromagnetic field’s characteristics change depending on the distance from the antenna. This varying field is typically divided into two segments—the near field and...A relationship between the far-field pattern and the plane wave spectrum of the antenna is deduced for computation of the radiation pattern of the antenna under test at any point. Near-field to far-field transformation is the most viable indirect method of far-field antenna measurement. Cadence software offers tools to simulate the near-field ... 6G Wireless Communications: From Far-field Beam Steering to Near-field Beam Focusing. 6G networks will be required to support higher data rates, improved energy efficiency, lower latency, and more diverse users compared with 5G systems. To meet these requirements, electrically extremely large-scale antenna arrays are envisioned to …The far-field beam was converted to near-field components which facilitates dynamical high-resolution direct laser writing. Reproduced from [166] . CC BY 4.0. ...Earthquakes vs Tall buildings How do tall buildings respond to far-field vs near-field earthquake ground motions? Far-field earthquakes ground… Liked by Yugandhar Singh, CEng(I) It is nice, helpful and interesting. It is nice, helpful and interesting. Liked by Yugandhar Singh ...Near Field vs Far Field Antenna Radiation Pattern. This page covers antenna radiation pattern basics and also describes difference between Near field and Far field radiation …Near field: This dipole pattern shows a magnetic field B in red. The potential energy momentarily stored in this magnetic field is indicative of the reactive near field. Far field: The radiation pattern can extend into the far field, where the reactive stored energy has no significant presence.There are several key differences between near-field and far-field communication. The main differences include range, frequency, and applications. Which RFID VS NFC is Better and Why？ |...Near-field/far-field azimuth and elevation angle estimation using a single vector hydrophone. IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 49 (11) (2001), pp. 2498-2510. View in Scopus Google Scholar [8] J. Liang, D. Liu. Passive localization of mixed near-field and far-field sources using two-stage MUSIC algorithm.The area beyond the near field where the ultrasonic beam is more uniform is called the far field. In the far field, the beam spreads out in a pattern originating from the center of the transducer. The transition between the near field and the far field occurs at a distance, N, and is sometimes referred to as the "natural focus" of a flat (or ...Feb 5, 2013 · A Near-Field/Far-Field Calculator is included in Espresso Engineering Workbook™ for FREE. Per Mr. Lecklider, the field boundaries are as follows: For electrically small antennas (compared to wavelength), the Reactive Near Field Boundary is given by . For electrically large antennas, the Reactive Near Field Boundary is better described by . The boundary of this region is commonly given as: Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Region The radiating near field or Fresnel region is the region between the near and far fields. In this region, the reactive fields are not dominate; the radiating fields begin to emerge.Fig. 1 Comparison of the near-field and far-field RCS of circular plate of radius 0.5 m at a 5-m range, as a function of frequency ..... 5 Fig. 2 Geometry of the near-field radar-sensing configuration used for validating the indirect near-field RCS calculation via the dipoleIf you’re new to soccer, you may be wondering what all the fuss is about. Field soccer, also known as association football, is a sport that has been played for over a century and is enjoyed by millions of people worldwide.The near field will extend into the material 1.04 inch from the transducer face. Within this near field area, it is hard to predict the signal amplitude from a reflector. Learn more about radiated fields in the ultrasonic equipment section. Beam Spread Half-Angle. sin ⁡ θ = 1.2 λ D \sin\theta=1.2\frac{\lambda}{D} or. sin ⁡ θ = 1.2 V D f ...NEAR-FIELD 11 Near-field vs Far-field Any antenna can be successfully measured on either a near-field or far-field range, with appropriate implementation. There are significant cost, size, and complexity details which will lead to a recommendation of one type over the other. In general, far-field ranges are a better choice for lowerHowever, near-field spectra typically show significant intensity variations and band shifts when comparing the spectroscopic information acquired from sample positions even a few nm apart. In the present study, we compare far-field and near-field Raman spectra of silicon-based samples and biological nanostructures like avipox virus or amyloid ...Near field communication can be considered the twin of far field communication. Both terms describes certain areas within an electromagnetic field formed around an antenna. In addition to the near and far field regions, a transition zone between the two also exists. Near field, as the name suggests, is very close to the antenna while far field ... NTK. Near field/far field can mean two different things on audio related fora such as this one. The first is the technical meaning in acoustics or wave theories, which means the sound source is "far" enough away that it appears to be "small", and can be approximated as a point source (no different from EM and optics).Nearfield Monitors. Near-field studio monitors are optimized to operate at lower mid to higher mid-range of 600 Hz to 3500 H z depending on the driver and make of the studio monitor. MidField Monitor s. Mid-field studio monitors such as the LYD 48 from the LYD series have a crossover frequency of 460Hz to 5500KHZ.Near, far and free field are all sound fields which depend not only on the sound power level and directional characteristics of the sound (noise) source but also on the properties of the medium the sound waves encounter and whether they pass through it, get reflected or diffused from it, or become absorbed by it.As shown in Figure 2, the radiated fields from the antenna were detected along a straight line with the length of 2.0 m.The separation distance between the base-station antenna and probe is = 0.6 m, which is about 1/8 of the minimum far-field distance. The phase-retrieval technique described in Section 2 was performed. After several …For the near field, the Poynting vector falls off like 1/r3 1 / r 3 and the far field Poynting vector falls off like 1/r2 1 / r 2. Once the distance gets big, the far field term dominates, hence the name. Now, it is the far field term that is associated with the EM radiation emitted by a particle. Since the area of a sphere increases like r2 r ...Jan 15, 2008 · SUMMARY. We present the first integrative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight using a biology-inspired, dynamic flight simulator. This simulator, which has been built to encompass multiple mechanisms and principles related to insect flight, is capable of `flying' an insect on the basis of realistic wing–body morphologies and ... The near field measurement is conducted with the microphone very close to the driver. This measurement is valid at frequencies below f=c/πM, where c is the speed of sound and M is the significant cabinet dimension. The near field measurement results in a frequency response curve that is much higher in level than the far field response.The near-field and far-field regions correspond to the electromagnetic fields nearer and farther from the antenna, respectively. The most commonly-used parameter to define near-field vs. far-field regions is signal wavelength. Let's take a closer look at the near-field vs. far-field regions associated with antennas. Near-Field vs. Far-Field RegionsNear-field or Far-field Antenna Measurement Chamber. MVG antenna measurement chambers provide the necessary RF quiet environment in which to conduct many different testing applications such as for automobile and telecom wireless technology, Aerospace & Defense radome and RCS, and more. Sized according to customer requirements, these chambers ...Below, we can see the electric fields vs. distance calculated using the Far-Field Domain node for a dipole at the origin with \vec{p}=\left(0,0,1\right)A\cdot m. For comparison, we have included the Far-Field Domain node, the full theory, as well as the near- and far-field terms individually. The fields are evaluated along an arbitrary cut line.The lower cutoffs may be used to include more far-field electrical activity such as that from epicardial locations, whereas higher settings (16–32 Hz) eliminate such far-field signals from epicardium or nearby chambers and better isolate near-field, high-frequency signals particularly when these have low amplitudes (mid-diastolic potentials ...Unlike most flat optics that relies on far-field effect, we explore the near-field effect of flat optics. We use the energy distribution of optical field right after a flat optics component to ...Nov 12, 2014 · The two segments of the RF field, near-field and far-field, have different energies so they typically require a corresponding antenna type to get the best read range. (The near-field is primarily magnetic in nature, while the far-field has both electric and magnetic components.) The communications between an RFID tag and an RFID reader (via the ... Near field: This dipole pattern shows a magnetic field B in red. The potential energy momentarily stored in this magnetic field is indicative of the reactive near field. Far field: The radiation pattern can extend into the far field, where the reactive stored energy has no significant presence. A working “rule-of-thumb” for determining the boundary between near-field and far-field is to make the minimum measurement distance the longest dimension of the loudspeaker multiplied by 3. While this estimate is generally acceptable for field work, it ignores the frequency-dependency of the transition between the near and far fields.Apr 28, 2020 · Transition from the near-field vs. far-field regimes. Far-field emission power is the primary quantity measured in EMC tests, although nearby devices emitting at long wavelengths (e.g., within 1 to 10 m for emission at 30 MHz) will still put EMI into the near-field regime in nearby devices. The Far Field Region is the region that comes after the near radiative near field. In this region, the EM fields are dominated by radiating fields. The E and H-fields are orthogonal to each other and to the direction of propagation as with plane waves. The far-field region is represented by the following equation: Antennas are usually used to ...There are two key differences between the far field projections available in DGTD and those available in FDTD. First, the near2far command takes an unstructured data set in lieu of monitor names. This allows users to apply operations on the near field data (such as spatial filtering) prior to computing the far fields.The near field will extend into the material 1.04 inch from the transducer face. Within this near field area, it is hard to predict the signal amplitude from a reflector. Learn more about radiated fields in the ultrasonic equipment section. Beam Spread Half-Angle. sin ⁡ θ = 1.2 λ D \sin\theta=1.2\frac{\lambda}{D} or. sin ⁡ θ = 1.2 V D f ...Abstract. In this study, we passively analyzed the near-field characteristics of thermally excited evanescent waves, which are radiation waves generated by the local …A. Far-Field Communications vs. Near-Field Communications The key features of far-ﬁeld and near-ﬁeld communications are shown in Fig. 1. We consider an uplink communication scenario, while the discussions in this article are also valid for downlink scenarios. The BS is equipped with an ELAA.AIn this book, simulation of planar near-field/far-field (NF/FF) antenna measurement is done using MATLAB. A faster technique is used to speed the ...However, most studies focus on the far-field EMI shieling of material. Herein, a facile dip-coating strategy was developed to achieve MXene/WPU composite coated non-woven fabric (MW@NWF) with both excellent near-field and far-field EMI shielding performance. The MW@NWF shows flexible and strong characteristics, and good waterproof performance.Near Field vs Far Field. For RF emissions and immunity testing purposes, separations of 3 meters, 5 meters and 10 meters are the most common. Freq. vs. Far Field Distance. The separation is important because it defines the frequency at which you transition from measuring within the near field to measuring within far field.5 thg 3, 2021 ... The near and far fields of traditional loudspeakers are differentiated by whether the sound pressure amplitude is inversely proportional to ...The term far field implies a region exists closer to a radiating source, where the radiation pattern changes as a function of distance from the antenna and the ...Understanding the Antenna Near Field & Far Field Distances. The fields surrounding an antenna are divided into 3 main regions: Reactive Near Field. The reactive near field ad the radiating near field. The reactive near field is the region where the fields are reactive i.e the E and H fields are out of phase by 90 degrees to each other.The boundary of the near field is where the compass needle will stop deflecting. The far field on the other hand is EM radiation that arises when the electric current is increasing in time, and it ...Transition from the near-field vs. far-field regimes. Far-field emission power is the primary quantity measured in EMC tests, although nearby devices emitting at long wavelengths (e.g., within 1 to 10 m for emission at 30 MHz) will still put EMI into the near-field regime in nearby devices. The reason for the far-field measurement is that one ...Jan 15, 2008 · SUMMARY. We present the first integrative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of near- and far-field aerodynamics in insect hovering flight using a biology-inspired, dynamic flight simulator. This simulator, which has been built to encompass multiple mechanisms and principles related to insect flight, is capable of `flying' an insect on the basis of realistic wing–body morphologies and ... Jan 18, 2022 · The amplitudes of the far-field components fall off as $1/r$, the radiative near-field amplitudes fall off as $1/r^{2}$, and the reactive near-field amplitudes fall off as $1/r^{3}$. Definitions of the regions attempt to characterize locations where the activity of the associated field components are the strongest. The boundary of this region is commonly given as: Radiating Near Field (Fresnel) Region The radiating near field or Fresnel region is the region between the near and far fields. In this region, the reactive fields are not dominate; the radiating fields begin to emerge.The following infographic lists the differences between near field and far field in tabular form for side by side comparison. Summary - Near Field vs Far Field. We can define the near field and far field as regions of the electromagnetic field around an object, e.g. transmission of an antenna or the result of radiation scattering off an object.Jan 6, 2023 · In contrast to NFC, Far Field Communication (RFID) is a contactless communication technology that uses radio waves to transmit information over a longer range and at a higher frequency. RFID is ... The paper establishes boundaries for near-field, Fresnel and Fraunhofer field regions of an antenna using Wave Impedance and Phase difference theory. Spatial phase difference between electric and magnetic fields remain same i.e. E and H fields remain perpendicular to each other in space, however, the temporal phase difference …eBooks & Forum: https://www.acousticfields.com/sign-up-afa📉 Free Room Analysis: https://www.acousticfields.com/free-room-analysis🛠️ DIY Plans: https://ww...356 CHAPTER 14. NEAR-TO-FAR-FIELD TRANSFORMATION The remaining integral on the left side of (14.24) is lim r0→0 Z V ∇·∇Azdv= lim r0→0 I S ∇Az·ds (14.26) where we have used the divergence theorem to convert the volume integral to a surface integralThe distance that separates near-epicentral and far-field areas varies between earthquakes and is usually within 1,000 km from the epicenter. ... The results suggest that beyond the near-epicentral, far-field CIDs can be used to describe large-scale geological structures. Additionally, we perform a set of numerical simulations with simple ...This paper presents a novel mixed source localization algorithm based on high-order cumulant (HOC) and oblique projection techniques.Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is promising to meet the high rate requirements for future 6G. To realize efficient precoding, accurate channel state information is essential. Existing channel estimation algorithms with low pilot overhead heavily rely on the channel sparsity in the angular domain, which is achieved …In the present study, the analysis of seven-storey concrete building in the cases of near-field and far-field earthquakes and behavioral comparison of the building in these two modes, three near-field and three far-field accelerometers were used. In the present study, the near field of the fault was supposed to be 60 kilometers.Measuring antenna patterns : Near Field vs. Far Field Basestation 8 Element Array at 2.69 GHz Near Field Region Phase & Magnitude Required Chamber Size for Far-field AUT Size (D) Frequency FF distance 0.5 meters 6 GHz 10 meters 0.5 meters 30 GHz 50 meters 0.15 meters 30 GHz 4,5 meters Very Near Field Region (< 0.6m) Near: Phase + Magnitude …Transition from the near-field vs. far-field regimes. Far-field emission power is the primary quantity measured in EMC tests, although nearby devices emitting at long wavelengths (e.g., within 1 to 10 m for emission at 30 MHz) will still put EMI into the near-field regime in nearby devices. The reason for the far-field measurement is that one ...Cadence System Analysis. Key Takeaways. The near-field technique is the most widely used method of antenna measurement. An accurate reconstruction of the far-field …Far-Field. Far-field, just what the name implies you’re sitting farther back, so you get more of the room sound. Your sound stage is larger, it is more of everything. You’re concerned with the direct – you’re concerned with the direct and the reflected energy and you want to achieve a balance between the direct and reflected energy, so ...Fig. 1 (c) shows the radiative heat transfer between two structures each consisting of a two-dimensionally periodic array of finite-height cylinders. MESH, which stands for M ultilayer E lectromagnetic S olver for H eat transfer, is designed to compute the far-field thermal radiation or near-field heat transfer in these geometries.the far-field region 2 RD min 2/ max,Tx O, then the maximum phase difference between the actual incident field and its far-zone approximation (remember the 1st order binomial approximation R r D| max,Tx /2) does not exceed e max | 22.5 /8S rad. Here, D max,Tx is the maximum dimension of the source (or transmitting) antenna.Energetic, ambitious, and highly motivated. Worked as a Procurement engineer for 2 years and have experience in imports and exports of construction material and equipment. I have experience in business development and research. Specialized in reinforced concrete structures design, especially in …You use far field monitors after the song mix is getting to the finish line. Far Field Studio Monitors Positioning. In professional recording studios far field monitors are mounted to the wall and distance between speaker and listener is about 4 meters. The Best Far Field Studio Monitors. Adam S6X

Energetic, ambitious, and highly motivated. Worked as a Procurement engineer for 2 years and have experience in imports and exports of construction material and equipment. I have experience in business development and research. Specialized in reinforced concrete structures design, especially in …. Observation systems

The sweet spot for near field monitors falls between 2 and 4 feet from the listener's position. You can station them on a dedicated monitor stand or directly on your work desk. However, decoupling them using monitor isolation pads to minimize sound reflection and vibration transmission is advisable if placed on a hard, reflective surface.Acoustic Goals At Acoustic Fields, we like the definition that you get with near field listening. We like the image, we like the definition, we like the detail. We also like a broad sound stage that you get with far-field listening. We take the best of both near and far-field and combine them.Field trips are beneficial to students because they allow students to see how what they are learning is applied in the real world. Field trips also give students an opportunity to learn outside of the classroom, which may help keep the clas...Experienced Civil Structural Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the civil engineering industry. Speaks international languages like English and Deutsch. Skilled in, ETABS, Revit, Oracle Primevera,3Ds Max, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft office, and Project Management. Strong engineering professional with a Master of Technology - MTech …Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is promising to meet the high rate requirements for future 6G. To realize efficient precoding, accurate channel state information is essential. Existing channel estimation algorithms with low pilot overhead heavily rely on the channel sparsity in the angular domain, which is achieved …So, the field around an EMI source is mainly either electric or magnetic, depending on the physical phenomenon that generates this EMI. This area close to the source is called the “near-field zone.” Further from the source, Maxwell’s equations transform this field into a gentle electromagnetic field—the “far-field zone.”Near Field vs. Far Field. So how can we take the equations previously developed for an N = 2 linear array and apply them to an N = 10,000 linear array? Right now, it seems that each antenna element has a slightly different angle pointing to …Understanding the Antenna Near Field & Far Field Distances. The fields surrounding an antenna are divided into 3 main regions: Reactive Near Field. The reactive near field ad the radiating near field. The reactive near field is the region where the fields are reactive i.e the E and H fields are out of phase by 90 degrees to each other. (d) Near-field IR nanospectroscopy of a single NB, exhibiting 2π phase shift across the resonance. (c) (d) Figure 2. (a) Schematic depiction of far-field single particle IR microspectroscopy.The lower cutoffs may be used to include more far-field electrical activity such as that from epicardial locations, whereas higher settings (16–32 Hz) eliminate such far-field signals from epicardium or nearby chambers and better isolate near-field, high-frequency signals particularly when these have low amplitudes (mid-diastolic potentials ...The near field of a laser beam is a region at or very close to the output aperture that is characterized by disordered phase fronts and often called the Fresnel zone. In the near field, beam shape, size, profile and divergence can vary rapidly with distance. How far the near field extends depends greatly on laser type. For a highly divergent ...Wall-mounted far fields, and near fields placed on the console. CC. Far field monitors are those massive installments you see in major studios. They have big drivers, sometimes more than one, and they’re mounted on the wall or directly in it, usually near the corners of the room. Because of their size, they’re often placed up to 10 feet or ...Fig. 1 (c) shows the radiative heat transfer between two structures each consisting of a two-dimensionally periodic array of finite-height cylinders. MESH, which stands for M ultilayer E lectromagnetic S olver for H eat transfer, is designed to compute the far-field thermal radiation or near-field heat transfer in these geometries.Jun 6, 2013 · Now you see why far-field potentials are a little tricky, thanks to volume conduction, various influencing dipoles and their orientations, the direction of spread, changes in the direction of tracts, changes in resistance of surrounding tissue, etc. What happens is a response is near-field (like P37), far-field (like P31) or both (like Wave I ... Near Field Length = k.l 2 f ⁄ 4. v = k.l 2 ⁄ 4. λ. Equation 2: Near field formula for a square/rectangular aperture [2] Once the interference pattern of the near field ends, the far field begins. This point is also considered the natural focus of the device. In the far field region, the source can be treated as a point source.For far-field, the user is 100 meters from the BS, and for near-field, the user is 10 meters away from the BS while L = 3 paths are chosen. Comparison between (a) the angle-domain representation ...This page titled 9.7: Far-Field Radiation from a Half-Wave Dipole is shared under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven W. Ellingson (Virginia Tech Libraries' Open Education Initiative) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon …Near field communication can be considered the twin of far field communication. Both terms describes certain areas within an electromagnetic field formed around an antenna. In addition to the near and far field regions, a transition zone between the two also exists. Near field, as the name suggests, is very close to the antenna while far field ... .

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