Allied bombing of munich - To understand why historians are still debating the necessity of the Allied bombing campaign, one must understand the history of air power and strategic bombing leading up to the allied destruction of Germany. Many writers focus primarily on the European theatre of war. This is probably because Europe is the birthplace of strategic bombing. 1

 
St Peter's Church. High altar. St. Peter's Church is a Roman Catholic parish church in the inner city of Munich, southern Germany. Its 91-metre (299 ft) tower is commonly known as "Alter Peter"—Old Peter—and is emblematic of Munich. St Peter's is the oldest recorded parish church in Munich and presumably the originating point for the whole .... Escribir presente perfecto

According to the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Allied bombers between 1939 and 1945 dropped 1,415,745 tons of bombs over Germany (51.1% of the total bomb tonnage dropped by Allied bombers in the European campaign), 570,730 tons over France (20.6%), 379,565 tons over Italy (13.7%), 185,625 tons over Austria, Hungary and the Balkans (6. ...Munich was bombed by RAF Bomber Command and the USAAF. 24-25 April 1944 attack USAAF. During the day of 24 April 1944 the city and the surrounding area was heavily attacked by the USAAF. Over seven hundred bomber aircraft took part in the attack, and were escorted by P-51B, P-38J, and P-47D aircraft, with around eight hundred fighter aircraft.The main part of the church was finished in the late 1400s, but Allied bombing during World War II necessitated restoration in the mid-1900s. Today, you can tour the church for free and recent ...Munich was protected (initially) by its distance from the United Kingdom. There were seventy-four air raids on Munich, with 6,632 people killed and 15,800 wounded. [1] …The USAAF flew over 750,000 bomber sorties and dropped nearly a million and a half tons of bombs. Up to five hundred thousand German civilians were killed by allied bombing. British Sherman “Firefly” tank in Namur on the Meuse River, December 1944. The Nazi armies were crumbling on both fronts. Hitler tried to turn the war in his favor in ...Jul 9, 2008 · A newly discovered collection of more than 3,000 aerial photographs of Germany before and during the allied bombing campaign of the second world war presents the most comprehensive record yet of ... The bombing of Nuremberg was a series of air raids carried out by allied forces of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) that caused heavy damage throughout the city from 1940 through 1945. Nuremberg was a favored point of attack for allied bombers in World War II even though it was only later included into the ...bombing effort and its contribution to the Allied victory. The result of ... from the time of the Munich conference in 1938 we had been on. 115. Page 121 ...Sep 14, 2016 · August 28th, 2012. On August 28, 2012, an unexploded 550 pound bomb from World War 2 was found in Munich and detonated. The Air Raid Sirens were turned on and the Police cautioned everyone to stay inside for the detonation. WW2 UXB - Munich, Germany, 28th August 2012. To understand why historians are still debating the necessity of the Allied bombing campaign, one must understand the history of air power and strategic bombing leading up to the allied destruction of Germany. Many writers focus primarily on the European theatre of war. This is probably because Europe is the birthplace of strategic bombing. 1The Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine started with the Western Allies crossing the river on 22 March 1945 before fanning out and overrunning all of western Germany …The Allied invasion of Germany east of the Rhine started with the Western Allies crossing the river on 22 March 1945 before fanning out and overrunning all of western Germany …Frankfurt defuses World War II-era bomb, evacuates 60,000. Disposal of a 4,000 lb (1.8 t) blockbuster bomb dropped by the RAF during World War II. Found in the Rhine near Koblenz, 4 December 2011. An unusual dry period led to low river levels in the Rhine in December 2011, exposing a 4,000-lb HC bomb in the riverbed near Koblenz.Unfortunately, all Bahariya dinosaur fossils collected prior to World War II were destroyed during an Allied bombing of Munich in 1944. As a graduate student in the early 2000s, study coauthor Matt Lamanna helped make the first dinosaur discoveries from the oasis since the infamous 1944 air raid, including the gargantuan sauropod (long …His lament for a civilization destroyed by war was a response to the Allied bombing of Munich, Dresden, and the Vienna State Opera, as well as to the fate of German culture in his lifetime.an Allied bombing of Munich in 1944. 4/7. The abelisaurid neck vertebra from the Bahariya Oasis, Egypt that constitutes the first record of this dinosaur group from that classic fossil locality ...The bombing of Obersalzberg was an air raid carried out by the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command on 25 April 1945 during the last days of World War II in Europe. The operation targeted Obersalzberg , a complex of residences and bunkers in Bavaria which had been built for Adolf Hitler and other key members of Germany's leadership.Jul 9, 2008 · A newly discovered collection of more than 3,000 aerial photographs of Germany before and during the allied bombing campaign of the second world war presents the most comprehensive record yet of ... A newly discovered collection of more than 3,000 aerial photographs of Germany before and during the allied bombing campaign of the second world war presents the most comprehensive record yet of ...The Brown House was largely destroyed by an Allied bombing raid in October 1943 and the rubble was cleared away. In December 2005, the government of Bavaria announced that the site would become the home of the Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism (NS-Dokumentationszentrum). The building has since been completed and ...Relation to "The Book Thief" Allied Bomb Explodes in Munich in 2012 Estimated 2,500 bombs still buried in Munich. Officials in Germany blew it up after failing to defuse it. Dates: Allied Bombing of Germany -The Allied bombing of Munich is related to the novel due to the factFeb 17, 2011 · The failure of the British bombing offensive in the winter of 1943/44 was all the more disappointing for Bomber Command, because by this time their American allies were beginning to make an impact ... Blog. Sept. 28, 2023. Crafting an effective meeting agenda: Key tips and templates; Sept. 25, 2023. How to have more productive meetings; Sept. 1, 2023The situation in Germany after World War II was dire. Millions of Germans were homeless from Allied bombing campaigns that razed entire cities. And millions more Germans living in Poland and East ...Jan 31, 2019 · Black Thursday - Nearly 600 crew members are lost in this long-range Allied bombing raid that targets a heavily defended ball-bearing factory in Schweinfurt, Germany. 60 B-17 Flying Fortresses are ... Targeting factories, naval yards, airfields, and assembly facilities, the Allied air forces attacked German cities, production plants, and industrial areas. While the RAF executed area bombing at night, the Americans attempted precision attacks by day.Axis bombing claimed the lives of 500,000 Soviet civilians, 67,000 French, and almost 61,000 British. ... at the same time, Allied planes attacked Munich and airfields in the Netherlands and mined ... The bombing focused on German industries related to air power, and forced the German air force (Luftwaffe) into decisive battle against superior forces. Luftwaffe losses sent it into a death spiral. With the Luftwaffe crippled and the June 6, 1944 invasion of Normandy approaching, the Allies focused on missions over France and Holland, hoping ...Allied Bombing of Munich Works Cited "Munich." Munich. German Tragedy of Destiny, 23 May 2009. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. "Munich History." - Discover Munich. Discover Munich, 24 Apr. 2002. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. By Michael Styers and Table 4 Youtube Video Thanks for watching Munich TodayUnfortunately, all the fossils collected at this location before World War II were destroyed during an Allied bombing of Munich in 1944. “The Bahariya Oasis has taken on near-legendary status among paleontologists for having produced the first-known fossils of some of the world’s most amazing dinosaurs,” said study co-author Matthew ...Strategic bombing during World War II began on 1 September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) began bombing Polish cities and the civilian population in an aerial bombardment campaign. [31] As the war continued to expand, bombing by both the Axis and the Allies increased significantly. Second World War, 1939-1945. Description. In simple terms, strategic bombing involves employing bombers to strike directly at key industrial, economic or political targets within an enemy's country which may affect its capacity to wage war, rather than attacking their armed forces. The concept was first developed by the Germans during the First ...Nov 15, 2021 · May 1945 Allied troops conquer Okinawa, the last island stop before the main Japanese islands. August 6, 1945 The United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. August 8, 1945 The Soviet Union declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria. August 9, 1945 The United States drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. The objective of Allied bombing was not annihilation. On this point, see Bartov, Omer, Germany's War and the Holocaust. Disputed Histories (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 3 – 32, especially 12–13Google Scholar. See also Burleigh, Michael, The Third Reich. A New History, (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), 743 – 747 Google ...Air War from 1939-1945. General Carl Spaatz (center) reviewing plans, Getty Images. September 1, 1939 WWII Begins. Germany invades Poland, leading Great Britain and France to declare war against ...Upon its declaration of war against Germany, Britain immediately launched an offensive bombing campaign: on the Kiel Canal, Sept. 3, 1939; On Wilhelmshaven, Sept. 4, 1939; on Helgoland, Dec. 3, 1939; On Mönchengladbach, May 19-11, 1940, all without provocation. The first well-known, intentional cultural attack of a historic city was the RAF ... The failure of the British bombing offensive in the winter of 1943/44 was all the more disappointing for Bomber Command, because by this time their American allies were beginning to make an impact ...Contents 1Air force units involved 224–25 April 1944 attack 2.1USAAF 2.2RAF 3Damage 4See also 5References 6External links Allied WWII bombingView of Munich in 1945 and 1989The bombing of Munich (Luftangriffe auf München) took place mainly in the later stages of World War II.While the Germans destroyed some of the historical record at the end of the war and some German records were destroyed during the Allied bombing of German cities, Allied armies captured millions of documents during the conquest of Germany in 1945. Allied prosecutors submitted tens of thousands of documents at the Nuremberg trials. …Ranking of the top 21 things to do in Munich. Travelers favorites include #1 English Garden (Englischer Garten), #2 Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche) and more. ... but Allied bombing during World ...Support me on Partreon - https://www.patreon.com/KickFlipYTIn Munich, Allied strategic bombing, in particular between 1943 and 1945, followed by the actions of the American occupiers after April 1945, amputated and then regenerated its connections to natural resources, other cities, and other countries. Destruction and renewal significantly shaped the lives of Munich’s people. Especially influential wasThe irony is that while much of central Munich was devastated by Allied bombing, many of the grandiose buildings constructed on Hitler’s orders survived, and still stand. Alongside them are memorials to the city’s many victims of Nazism, including those who sacrificed their lives in opposing Hitler’s hateful ideology.Support me on Partreon - https://www.patreon.com/KickFlipYTAir War from 1939-1945. General Carl Spaatz (center) reviewing plans, Getty Images. September 1, 1939 WWII Begins. Germany invades Poland, leading Great Britain and France to declare war against ...The gripping film is set around Neville Chamberlain's (played by Jeremy Irons) and the Allied Powers' road to appeasement and the signing of The Munich Agreement of 1938 by Germany's Adolf Hitler ...By mid-May, the Fifteenth Air Force had achieved maturity. Twining deployed 21 bomb groups, seven fighter groups and a reconnaissance group. Although his command was half the size of the “Mighty Eighth,” it was still a potent, effective force. The Defenders. The two-week respite in Allied bombing also gave the defenders time to adjust.Ranking of the top 21 things to do in Munich. Travelers favorites include #1 English Garden (Englischer Garten), #2 Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche) and more. ... but Allied bombing during World ...In Munich, Allied strategic bombing, in particular between 1943 and 1945, followed by the actions of the American occupiers after April 1945, amputated and then regenerated its connections to natural resources, other cities, and other countries. Destruction and renewal significantly shaped the lives of Munich's people. Especially influential wasBuy The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt Reprint by Nothdurft, William E. (ISBN: 9780375759796) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.Heinrich Himmler, as police president of Munich, ... These efforts aimed to aid German pilots who conducted bombing raids or who were downed in icy waters. German scientists also carried out experiments to test the efficacy of pharmaceuticals against diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. ... As Allied units approached, at least …The first fossil evidence of the giant predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus was destroyed during an allied bombing of Munich in 1944, leaving behind only illustrations and grainy photographs. The predator was little more than a sail-backed enigma for half a century until researchers unearthed new fossil evidence.Munich was bombed by RAF Bomber Command and the USAAF. 24–25 April 1944 attack USAAF During the day of 24 April 1944 the city and the surrounding area was heavily …BBC News. The scale of devastation wreaked on Germany by RAF Bomber Command in World War Two has been revealed in detail in rare maps, published for the first time. The bomb damage diagrams are ...The 352nd and 354th FG Mustangs had the Third Task Force (Second Bomb Division) B-24s attacking Gablingen and Leipheim airfields. The 355th and 357th FGs were assigned to provide Target Escort to the leading First Task Force, comprised of five Combat Wings of First Bomb Division B-17s, attacking Munich area.from March 1943 to January 1944, Allied air raids destroyed on average 15,000 housing units per month in Germany; from February 1944 to June 1944, that average fell to about 9,500 houses per month;Hargrave donated models to the Deutsches Museum in 1909, following his unsuccessful attempts to find an institution in Australia, England, USA and France who might take them. Most of the models (including these two) were destroyed in the Allied bombing of Munich during World War …Allied airplanes dropped millions of tons of ordnance on Germany during World War II in an effort to cripple the Nazi war machine. Tens of thousands of ...30 Mar 2021 ... This operation was to be the last major bombing of Munich in the war. ... Even as the Allies took control in Europe following the invasions of ...However, the partial skeleton he found were destroyed during Allied bombing of Munich in 1944. Recently, archeologists have discovered new Spinosaurus fossils along desert cliffs in Morocco.Dresden,14 Larry J. Bidinian's The Combined Allied Bombing Offensive Against the German Civilian, 1942-1945,15 and Martin 11. Der zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Dokumentation und ... Mein Krieg. Aufzeichnungen aus 2129 Tagen (Munchen: Nymphenburger Verlag, 1975); Kurt Detlev M6ller, Das letzte Kapitel, Geschichte der …But all of Stromer's fossils were destroyed in World War II during the 1944 Allied bombing of Munich, leaving much uncertain about this carnivore. In 2008, however, 97-million-year-old fossils ...Dec 27, 2020 · Bera published on 12/27/2020 1:05 a.m.: The bombing of Munich (Luftangriffe auf München) took place mainly in the later stages of World War II. Munich was, and is, a significant German city, as much culturally as well as industrially. Augsburg, twenty miles to the west, was a main centre of diesel engine production (and still is today). The bombing of Nuremberg was a series of air raids carried out by allied forces of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) that caused heavy damage throughout the city from 1940 through 1945. Nuremberg was a favored point of attack for allied bombers in World War II even though it was only later included into the ...In 1943 alone, Harris’ bombing raids dropped 207,600 tons of explosives, targeting Germany’s most populous regions. Likewise, Germany used its air force to advance its goals. Aerial bombing was first used by the Germans during the invasion of Poland. Germany’s Messerschmitt ME 262 was first used as a bomber, rather than a …During the Second World War, Allied air forces dropped nearly two million tons of bombs on Germany, destroying some 60 cities, killing more than half a million German citizens, and leaving 80,000 pilots dead. Much of the bombing was carried out against the expressed demands of the Allied military leadership.Buy The Lost Dinosaurs of Egypt Reprint by Nothdurft, William E. (ISBN: 9780375759796) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.Contents 1Air force units involved 224–25 April 1944 attack 2.1USAAF 2.2RAF 3Damage 4See also 5References 6External links Allied WWII bombingView of Munich in 1945 and 1989The bombing of Munich (Luftangriffe auf München) took place mainly in the later stages of World War II.During World War II, Allied bombing raids left their devastating mark on Germany, killing more than 400,000 civilians and laying waste to entire cities, from Berlin to Hamburg to Dresden.Hermann Göring. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering; [a] German: [ˈhɛʁman ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈɡøːʁɪŋ] ⓘ; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal. He was one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.In April, 1944, everything was lost in the allied bombing of Munich. The story of Stromer's efforts, now almost forgotten, alternates with that of Smith and his group of young Ph.D's from the University of Pennsylvania, who hope to find additional fossils in the same area in January, 2000. Financed by a Los Angeles film company making a ...Italian Campaign, (July 9, 1943–May 2, 1945), during World War II, the Allied invasion and conquest of Italy. With the success of operations in North Africa (June 1940–May 13, 1943) and Sicily (July 9–August 17, 1943), the next logical step for the Allies in the Mediterranean was a move against.In Munich, Allied strategic bombing, in particular between 1943 and 1945, followed by the actions of the American occupiers after April 1945, amputated and then regenerated its connections to natural resources, other cities, and other countries. Destruction and renewal significantly shaped the lives of Munich's people. Especially influential wasThe church was heavily damaged in World War II during the Allied bombing of Munich. The interior is dominated by the high altar to which Erasmus Grasser contributed the figure of Saint Peter. Among other masterpieces of all periods are five Gothic paintings by Jan Polack and several altars by Ignaz Günther. The ceiling fresco by Johann Baptist ...The bombing of Munich (Luftangriffe auf München) took place mainly in the later stages of World War II. Munich was, and is, a significant German city, as much culturally as well as industrially. Augsburg, twenty miles to the west, was a main centre of diesel engine production (and still is today). Although some considerable distance from the United Kingdom, Munich is not a difficult city to ...Second World War, 1939-1945. Description. In simple terms, strategic bombing involves employing bombers to strike directly at key industrial, economic or political targets within an enemy's country which may affect its capacity to wage war, rather than attacking their armed forces. The concept was first developed by the Germans during the First ...It takes us from it's initial discovery by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer, followed by Stromer's subsequent heartbreaking story as the specimen is destroyed in the allied bombing of Munich (the most serious paleontological loss of the war) and he suffers even worse for his resistance to the Nazi regime.16 Eki 2021 ... It was largely destroyed by Allied bombing in October 1943. With its multi-story windows looking out on the very locations depicted in the ...On 11 December, Frankfurt, Hanau and Giesson were levelled by 1,600 American planes. In January 1945, the USAAF dropped almost 40,000 tons of bombs on Berlin, Cologne and Hamm, while the RAF hit Bochum, Munich and Stuttgart. By the war's last months, virtually every important German industrial town had been destroyed. Yet the bombing continued. 8 Tem 2020 ... Strategic Bombing was the principal means by which the Allies sought to weaken the morale of German civilians. Almost a third of the population ...Allied airplanes dropped millions of tons of ordnance on Germany during World War II in an effort to cripple the Nazi war machine. Tens of thousands of ...The bombing set the stage for a period of female self-sufficiency from as early as 1942, which means that increasing opportunities for female agency—usually associated with the “hour of the woman” during the final days of the war and the Allied occupation in postwar Germany—had appeared much earlier.During the Allied aerial bombing of Munich, a single bomb hit the hall where the 1939 explosion had taken place, but failed to explode. After World War II. When American forces entered Munich on 30 April 1945, the 42nd ‘Rainbow’ Infantry Division found the Bürgerbräukeller filthy, piled with Nazi Party records, and unused.May 11, 2023 · Hotel Silber looks like other buildings in downtown Stuttgart that managed to escape complete destruction during the allied bombing campaign in World War II. ... in 1943 in Munich for treason ... A very good source by a historian covering the civil aspects of allied bombing in detail is written by Irmtraut Permooser (married: I. Burianek) "Der Luftkrieg über München 1942-1945" (The airwar over Munich), Aviatic Verlag, Oberhaching, 2nd edition 1997, 398 p, ISBN 3-925505-37-7 - one of the best books on that topic.Frankfurt defuses World War II-era bomb, evacuates 60,000. Disposal of a 4,000 lb (1.8 t) blockbuster bomb dropped by the RAF during World War II. Found in the Rhine near Koblenz, 4 December 2011. An unusual dry period led to low river levels in the Rhine in December 2011, exposing a 4,000-lb HC bomb in the riverbed near Koblenz.On November 16, 1944, 97% of Jülich was destroyed during Allied bombing, since it was considered one of the main obstacles to the occupation of the Rhineland ... Similar actions took place in Munchen-Gladbach, Duisburg, and Krefeld. This Republic lasted only about a year. Once a centre of culture and intellectualism, the city saw its social ...

Jan 21, 2022 · The gripping film is set around Neville Chamberlain's (played by Jeremy Irons) and the Allied Powers' road to appeasement and the signing of The Munich Agreement of 1938 by Germany's Adolf Hitler ... . Low and high incidence disabilities

allied bombing of munich

Feb 6, 2023 · from March 1943 to January 1944, Allied air raids destroyed on average 15,000 housing units per month in Germany; from February 1944 to June 1944, that average fell to about 9,500 houses per month; It was February 1945, and the Bombing of Dresden had yet to commence. At this point in the war, the citizens of the capital of the German state of Saxony were beginning to think that they were living a charmed life. After all, they knew that every other major German city except theirs had been flattened by countless Allied air raids since 1940.Allied Bombing of Munich Works Cited "Munich." Munich. German Tragedy of Destiny, 23 May 2009. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. "Munich History." - Discover Munich. Discover Munich, 24 Apr. 2002. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. By Michael Styers and Table 4 Youtube Video Thanks for watching Munich Todaybombing campaigns, while advocates praise its efficiency and the reduced cost of manpower, casualties, and money. World War II witnessed the first full application of strategic airpower in war. Allied air forces dropped nearly 2.7 million tons of bombs, flew 1,440,000 bomber sorties and 2,680,000 fighter sorties.In February 1945, over 1,200 Allied bombers of the RAF and the US Army Air Forces launched four aerial attacks against Dresden. It was the final months of the war in Europe, and would become one of the most controversial Allied attacks of the Second World War. The raids destroyed 75,000 homes and around 25,000 people were killed.BBC News. The scale of devastation wreaked on Germany by RAF Bomber Command in World War Two has been revealed in detail in rare maps, published for the first time. The bomb damage diagrams are ...Dutch officers negotiating the surrender of Rotterdam, 1940. It was in fact the British RAF, under the direct orders of Winston Churchill, which started the saturation bombing of civilians—on May 10, 1940, the day the new Prime Minister took office. From that day onward, British bombers bombed German civilian targets almost every night.Wasp bombs are pest control products used to kill wasps that have invaded an enclosed area, such as an attic, loft, garage or greenhouse. Like other forms of bug bombs, they are intended to be set and then left for several hours so that the...Nov 15, 2021 · May 1945 Allied troops conquer Okinawa, the last island stop before the main Japanese islands. August 6, 1945 The United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. August 8, 1945 The Soviet Union declares war on Japan and invades Manchuria. August 9, 1945 The United States drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. 24 Oca 2017 ... During the war, the building was untouched by the Allied bombing of Munich due to its isolated position in the city's 'English Garden' (a ...Schuttberg: Germany’s Rubble Mountains. Scores of hills dot the edges of many German cities, but these are not natural. They are known as Schuttberg, or “debris hill”. Schuttbergs arose after the end of World War 2, and were created primarily from rubble generated by the destruction of German cities. Allied bombing during the six years of ...Dresden from the Rathaus (city hall) in 1945, showing destruction.. The bombing of Dresden was a joint British and American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II.In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 772 heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and 527 of the United …Allied bombing raids provided a convenient rationale for Germans who wished to paint themselves as the victims. Even after American soldiers forced German civilians to tour liberated concentration camps, German civilians and Nazi administrators insisted they had no prior knowledge of the camps and refused to believe that the Führer had ordered ...Dutch officers negotiating the surrender of Rotterdam, 1940. It was in fact the British RAF, under the direct orders of Winston Churchill, which started the saturation bombing of civilians—on May 10, 1940, the day the new Prime Minister took office. From that day onward, British bombers bombed German civilian targets almost every night.The main part of the church was finished in the late 1400s, but Allied bombing during World War II necessitated restoration in the mid-1900s. Today, you can tour the church for free and recent ...Upon its declaration of war against Germany, Britain immediately launched an offensive bombing campaign: on the Kiel Canal, Sept. 3, 1939; On Wilhelmshaven, Sept. 4, 1939; on Helgoland, Dec. 3, 1939; On Mönchengladbach, May 19-11, 1940, all without provocation. The first well-known, intentional cultural attack of a historic city was the RAF ....

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